APA citation rules !

ENTRY #4


  This guide provides basic explanations and examples for the most common types of citations used by students. For additional information and examples, refer to the Publication Manual.

AUTHORS

One author

·         In most cases, providing the author's last name and the publication year are sufficient:

Smith (1997) compared reaction times...

Within a paragraph, you need not include the year in subsequent references.

Smith (1997) compared reaction times. Smith also found that...

Two authors

·         If there are two authors, include the last name of each and the publication year:

...as James and Ryerson (1999) demonstrated...

...as has been shown (James & Ryerson, 1999)...

3 - 5 authors

·         If there are three to five authors, cite all authors the first time; in subsequent citations, include only the last name of the first author followed by "et al." and the year:

Williams, Jones, Smith, Bradner, and Torrington (1983) found...

Williams et al. (1983) also noticed that...

Corporate authors

·         The names of groups that serve as authors (e.g. corporations, associations, government agencies, and study groups) are usually spelled out each time they appear in a text citation. If it will not cause confusion for the reader, names may be abbreviated thereafter: 

First citation: (National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 1999)

Subsequent citations: (NIMH, 1999)

Work with two authors

Beck, C. A. J., & Sales, B. D. (2001). Family mediation: Facts, myths, and future prospects. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Two or more works by the same author

·         Arrange by the year of publication, the earliest first.

Postman, N. (1979). Teaching as a conserving activity. New York, NY: Delacorte Press.

Postman, N. (1985). Amusing ourselves to death: Public discourse in the age of show business. New York, NY: Viking.

·         If works by the same author are published in the same year, arrange alphabetically by title and add a letter after the year as indicated below.

McLuhan, M. (1970a). Culture is our business. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

McLuhan, M. (1970b). From cliché to archetype. New York, NY: Viking Press.

Book by a corporate author

·         Associations, corporations, agencies, government departments and organizations are considered authors when there is no single author

American Psychological Association. (1972). Ethical standards of psychologists. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

ANTHOLOGIES, COURSEPACKS, & ENCYCLOPEDIAS

Anthology or compilation

Gibbs, J. T., & Huang, L. N. (Eds.). (1991). Children of color: Psychological interventions with minority youth. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

Work in an anthology or an essay in a book

Bjork, R. A. (1989). Retrieval inhibition as an adaptive mechanism in human memory. In H. L. Roediger III, & F. I. M. Craik (Eds.), Varieties of memory & consciousness (pp. 309-330). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Work in a coursepack

Goleman, D. (2009). What makes a leader? In D. Demers (Ed.), AHSC 230: Interpersonal communication and relationships (pp. 47-56). Montreal, Canada: Concordia University Bookstore. (Reprinted from Harvard Business Review, 76(6), pp.93-102, 1998).

Article in a reference book or an entry in an encyclopedia

·         If the article/entry is signed, include the author's name; if unsigned, begin with the title of the entry

Guignon, C. B. (1998). Existentialism. In E. Craig (Ed.), Routledge encyclopedia of philosophy (Vol. 3, pp. 493-502). London, England: Routledge.

ARTICLES

Article in a journal - for electronic articles retrieved online

Mellers, B. A. (2000). Choice and the relative pleasure of consequences. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 910-924.

·         Note: List only the volume number if the periodical uses continuous pagination throughout a particular volume. If each issue begins with page 1, then list the issue number as well.

Klimoski, R., & Palmer, S. (1993). The ADA and the hiring process in organizations. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 45(2), 10-36.

Article in a newspaper or magazine

Semenak, S. (1995, December 28). Feeling right at home: Government residence eschews traditional rules. Montreal Gazette, p. A4.

Driedger, S. D. (1998, April 20). After divorce. Maclean's, 111(16), 38-43.

Article from an electronic source

·         Provide the same information as you would for a printed journal article and add a retrieval statement that will identify the source of this information.

·         In general, it is not necessary to include database information (APA, 2010, p. 192).

·         You can identify your source by including ONE of the following:

WEB PAGES

Web pages & non-periodical documents on the Internet

·         Include the author, title of the document, and if available, always include the date the material was updated or posted online. If the page may be changed or moved, include the date of retrieval. Include the URL of the document cited.

·         If there is no author, place the title in the author position.

·         If there is no date, replace the date with (n.d.) to signify that there is no date for the material.

·         Add a description of the source in square brackets after the title, if this is necessary to clarify the type of source e.g. [Bibliography] [PowerPoint slides] [Multimedia presentation]

Library and Archives Canada. (2008). Celebrating women's achievements: Women artists in Canada.Retrieved from http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/women/002026-500-e.html

·         If the source material is likely to change over time (e.g. wikis), include the retrieval date.

Geography of Canada. (2009, September 29). In Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved September 30, 2009, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Canada

Further examples and explanations are available in sections 6.22-6.26 (basic rules), sections 6.31-6.32 (electronic sources) and chapter 7 (examples and more information) of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association.